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Transform freely
The
Free Transform command lets you apply transformations (rotate, scale,
skew, distort, and perspective) in one continuous operation. You
can also apply a warp transformation. Instead of choosing different
commands, you simply hold down a key on your keyboard to switch
between transformation types.
Note: If you are transforming
a shape or entire path, the Transform command becomes the Transform
Path command. If you are transforming multiple path segments (but
not the entire path), the Transform command becomes the
Transform Points command.
- Select what you want to transform.
- Do one of the following:
Choose Edit > Free Transform.
If you are transforming a selection, pixel-based
layer, or selection border, choose the Move tool  . Then
select Show Transform Controls in the options bar.
If you are transforming a vector shape or path,
select the Path Selection tool  . Then
select Show Transform Controls in the options bar.
- Do one or more of the following:
To scale by dragging, drag a handle. Press
Shift as you drag a corner handle to scale proportionately.
To scale numerically, enter percentages in the Width and
Height text boxes in the options bar. Click the Link icon  to
maintain the aspect ratio.
To
rotate by dragging, move the pointer outside the bounding border
(it becomes a curved, two‑sided arrow), and then drag. Press Shift
to constrain the rotation to 15° increments.
To rotate numerically, enter degrees in the rotation
text box  in
the options bar.
To distort relative to the center point of the bounding
border, press Alt (Windows) or Option (Mac OS), and drag
a handle.
To distort freely, press Ctrl (Windows) or Command
(Mac OS), and drag a handle.
To
skew, press Ctrl+Shift (Windows) or Command+Shift (Mac OS),
and drag a side handle. When positioned over a side handle, the
pointer becomes a white arrowhead with a small double arrow.
To skew numerically, enter degrees in the H (horizontal
skew) and V (vertical skew) text boxes in the options bar.
To
apply perspective, press Ctrl+Alt+Shift (Windows) or Command+Option+Shift
(Mac OS), and drag a corner handle. When positioned over
a corner handle, the pointer becomes a gray arrowhead.
To warp, click the Switch Between Free Transform
And Warp Modes button  in
the options bar. Drag control points to manipulate the shape of
the item or choose a warp style from the Warp pop‑up menu in the
options bar. After choosing from the Warp pop‑up menu, a square
handle is available for adjusting the shape of the warp.
To change the reference point, click a square on
the reference point locator  in
the options bar.
To move an item, enter values for the new location
of the reference in the X (horizontal position) and Y (vertical
position) text boxes in the options bar. Click the Relative Positioning
button  to
specify the new position in relation to the current position.
 To undo the last handle adjustment, choose Edit > Undo.
- Do one of the following:
Press Enter (Windows) or Return
(Mac OS), click the Commit button  in
the options bar, or double-click inside the transformation marquee.
To cancel the transformation, press Esc or click
the Cancel button  in
the options bar.
Important: When you transform a bitmap image
(versus a shape or path), the image becomes slightly less sharp
each time you commit a transformation; therefore, performing multiple
commands before applying the cumulative transformation is preferable
to applying each transformation separately.
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PDF (adobe.com)
